Deciduous forest food web comprises of interlinked sequences of bioenergy-transfer, between producers and consumers including shrubs, trees, insects, reptiles, birds and mammals.

Temperate deciduous forest climate is characterized by seasonal variations in temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, humidity and wind.

Temperate forest biotic factors are; autotrophic producers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers.

Temperate forest plants are; vascular plants like trees, herbaceous plants, shrubs; and non-vascular plants like; mosses and lichens.

Temperate forest food chain comprises of producers like trees and shrubs; primary consumers like herbivorous rodents; secondary consumers like small canids; tertiary consumers like the gray wolf; quaternary consumers like bear.

Temperate forest animals are; birds like woodpecker; reptiles like garter snake; rodents like deer mouse; insects like bees; arachnids like mites; canids like coyotes; apex predators like bears.

Abiotic factors in mangroves are; water, soil (and nutrients), atmospheric gases, solar radiation, and physicochemical parameters.

Mangrove biotic factors are living components like; producers, herbivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous consumers, as well as mangrove decomposers.

Animals in the coral reef are; coelenterates like corals, poriferans like sponges, crustaceans like shrimp, reptiles like sea turtle, and some species of fish.

Agricultural pollutants include; nutrients, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), sediments and pathogens.